Conductivity analysis

Purpose

In pigment slurry of papers containing salt, the slurry or its aqueous extract is electrically conductive. Conductivity of such solution is there for a (qualitative) measure of their salt content.

Principle

Pure water is a non-conductor. Generally speaking, the conductivity of aqueous solution increases with their salt content. Conductivity measurement are performed with the aid of specialized measuring cell that are immersed in the liquid to be tested.

Solid and dry content

Purpose

The solid or dry content of pigment and pigment slurries directly impacts the products’ purchase price. Paper lose elasticity as their dry content increases, which generally impairs their converting properties.

The dry content should be kept within a range corresponding to an equilibrium moisture at 23 ºC and 50% relative humidity. Depending on the paper quality, this corresponds roughly to a water content of 5% - 7%

Principle

It is a common practice to dry a weighed sample at 105 ºC in a drying oven or on a drying balance, until the weight is constant. Alternatively, a Karl-Fischer titration can be perform.

Ash content/Loss onignition

Purpose

Elevated temperatures cause the organic components of paper to be decomposed. The residual components are non-combustible minerals. The amount of ignition residues obtained depends on the temperatures applied.

Filler type	Loss on ignition in %
Calcium carbonate Kaolin Talc gypsum	40 – 43 12 – 14 4 – 6 9 – 10

The residue left after complete combustion of paper at high temperature. It is generally expressed as percent of original test sample and represents filler content in the paper. As it is ash content is not important property of paper but in some grade of papers such as filter papers are ash free and other such as cigarette tissue have certain level of filler to control cigarette burning rate. 

typical ash content (Grade)	Value (%)
Market wood pulp Newsprint LWC Fine paper	0.3 – 0.5 0 – 12 30 – 50 0 – 35

Principle

Incineration is normally performed at temperatures of 570 ºC and/or 920 ºC. This method enables the proportion of calcium carbonate in the filler to be calculated. Depending on its crystal shape, calcium carbonate is decomposed to CaO and CO2 at 825 ºC or 898ºC. For the dominant filler types, % loss on ignition at 920 ºC is shown in the figures. In view of these values, ash measurement only give an approximate determination of the filler content of paper.

Density

Purpose
To determine the mass(g) of a cubic centimeter(cm³) of a substance.

Principle
Density is calculated from the volume and mass of a substance.
Density = mass/ volume [g/cm³]
For papers, the apparent density may be calculated directly from the gram mage mA (basis weight) and the thickness. The term “apparent density” denotes that measured volume includes voids in the paper:

Apparent density = mA/Thickness (gr/cm3)

Bulk = 1/Apparent density

The reciprocal value of density is called spesific volume(=bulk) of a paper.

If the density of paper is 1.000 g/cm³, this is interpreted as a “single volume” and a density of 0.500 g/cm³ as a “double volume” , etc.

pH Value

Purpose
The pH is determined to identify the reaction of substance which may be either acidic, neutral or alkaline. Specifically, the pH is indicative of the concetration of H+ ion present in a solution.


Principle
An acid-base electrode (pH sensitive electrode) is used to measured the pH of a suspension of the powder to be tested, or of a pulp sample in demineralized water.
For pulp samples and slurries, pH is usualy measured directly and very after the value has been preset for a given concentration.

Or the pH value of paper can be determined by:
Disintegrating the paper in hot distilled water  and determining the pH of the extract.
Disintegrating the paper in cold distilled water  and determining the pH of the extract.
Directly using a wet electrode on the paper surface.
These 3 methods measure different solutions and so give different
The pH value of paper can show residual acidic/alkaline chemicals in pulp, or atmospheric pollutants (e.g. SO2) in valuable paper archives.

Sizing

Purpose
Papers are sized in order to hydrophobize the material in a targeted manner, i.e. to achieve controlled liquid absorption. Originally, sizing reduces the absorbency of paper materials, while simultaneously influencing their strength-related properties like bending stiffness, braking length and tear growth resistance, as well as “rattle”-the sound made when shaking sheet of material.

Principle
In order to observe the interactions between paper and liquid, test inks are frequently applied.
Measuring techniques :
Ink stroke test : assesses the ink bleed when writing on a paper with drawing pen in a definer manner
Ink flotation sizing test : a paper specimen is floated on a writing ink and the time for ink to penetrate the paper is determined visually
Sizing test, e.g. with a PLG sizing tester : similar to the ink flotation sizing test, this tester method measures the time of ink penetration by means of a photocell

Sizing / Cobb
Because paper is composed of a randomly felted layer of fiber, it's structure has a varying degree of porosity. Thus, the ability of fluids, both liquid and gaseous, to penetrate the structure of paper becomes a property that is both highly significant to the use of paper. The need to limit the spreading of ink resulted in "sizing" the paper with gelatinous vegetable materials which had the effect of sealing or filling the surface pores. Later, the term "sizing" was applied to the treatment of paper stock prior to the formation of the sheet, with water-repellent materials such as rosin or wax. Resistance towards the penetration of aqueous solution / water is measured by Sizing or Cobb values.
The surface water absorption over 60 seconds, expressed in g/m2, measured by Cobb Test. The procedural Standards are explained in TAPPI T 441.

System Zeta Potential

Purpose
All Particles present in liquid normally take on electrostatic surface charges that generate a charge cloud centered on the particles. The total potential different present in this charge cloud is termed equilibrium potential. The zeta potential is associated with the outer diffuse double layer, which is may be deformed as the particle move. This double layer is largely responsible for the stability of stock suspension or slurries and pay a decisive role in papermaking operations.
Principle
The zeta potential is determined by measuring the velocity of motion of the charged particles in an electric field.
How to use
CLEANING THE SAMPLE CELL AND ELECTRODES
Clean the Sample cell before measurement
After measurement, Deionized water must fill in to the sample cell , if the type of sample cell are same, just clean with deionized water and electrodes
Setting up the connection, connect the measurement with in vacuum pump and vacuum hose , Connect vacuum pump cable, electrodes cable to the measurement ( with same color code cable). Turn on the power
PROCEDURE
Fill 500 ml sample solution in to beaker sample
Before switch on, make sure vacuum hand valve on off position
Switch SZP 06, System will operate it self, put in sample beaker
Switch on the vacuum pump, press “P”
Slowly open up the vacuum hand valve, make sure no bubble air, if any bubble air stop measurement , and press “R” for reset system
Wait until1minutes and then press START, watch on P min(0.2) and P max(0.4)
Measurement procedure, System will count potential (30 second), and then it will stop automatically
When sample conductivity measurement finish, vacuum pump will shut down automatically.
Value zeta potential will show on the display
Clean up sample cell for next measurement

Grammage/Basis weight

Purpose
Paper and paperboard are manufactured and traded by grammage, which is a vital quality characteristic. The grammage or basis weight of a paper is expressed in grams per square meter
The Basis weight of paper is the weight per unit area. This can be expressed as the weight in grams per square meter (GSM or g/M2), pounds per 1000 sq. ft. or weight in Kgs or pounds per ream (500 sheets) of a specific size. Paper is sold by weight but the buyer is interested in area of paper. The basis weight is what determines, how much area the buyer gets for a given weight. e.g. if basis weight is 50 g/m2, for every 1 kg weight, the buyer gets 20 m2. When the basis weight is expressed as ream weight, it tells the buyers how many reams he/she getting for a given weight. For papermaker basis weight is important from point of view of production rate. For a given machine deckle and machine speed, the production rate per day in MT will be = Machine Deckle (m) * Machine Speed (m/min) * Basis Weight (g/M2) * 1440/1000000.

Principle
For grammature determination, specimens measuring 10 x10 cm are cut from climatized paper samples and weighed. The reading are converted to correspond to an area of 1 m².

How to use
Fold example test
Input follow the example test to sheet cutter ; Double 4
Hold example test and depress hilt of swing downwards : Follow the example of test cut
Deliberate example test
Note weighing machine weight follow the example of test : Weight follow the example of test divided 4
Count weight follow the example of test (gr/m²)

Dirt Content

 Purpose
The paper may have number of dirt specks or contraries. These specks can be any unwanted foreign particle that is visible to the eye such as bark, undigested wood (shives), pitch, rust, plastic, slime etc. For pulp, paper and board the number or area covered by such specks on both surfaces and sometimes in the body of the material, can be estimated in either reflected or transmitted light.

Principle
The number of specks of each area are expressed either as mm2/Kg for pulp or mm2/m2 for paper


Dirt Content (PAPRICAN MICRO-SCANNER)
Construction

VGA and Customized personal Computer (CPU)
Monitor display
Keyboard
Light Control Unit (LCU)
Voltage regulator
Table with strip feeder and transmitted light source
An optical density (OD) filter holder
A Fluorescent ring lamp reflective light source

Brightness and color tester

Purpose
Brightness is defined as the percentage reflectance of blue light only at a wavelength of 457 nm. Whiteness refers to the extent that paper diffusely reflects light of all wave lengths throughout the visible spectrum. Whiteness is an appearance term. Color is an aesthetic value. Color may appear different when viewed under a different light source. Brightness is arbitrarily defined, but carefully standardized, blue reflectance that is used throughout the pulp and paper industry for the control of mill processes and in certain types of research and development programs. Brightness is not whiteness

How to use
Prepare the sample test, 4 sheets minimally
put in sample test in to the tester equipment
Press switch MENU to choose a test
Press switch color at monitor display
Press number (for many point space test)
Press ENTER then ENTER
Press switch MEASURE for doing test, do the test at different space point
Press ENTER (for averages result test)
Result test will be shows on the monitor display

OPACITY, BRIGHTNESS AND COLOR TESTER
Construction

A Chosen display touch screen measure brightness, color and opacity at an affordable price. Simple operation, built-in printer.
Bed
Sample place for measurement
Place holder lens

Opacity

Purpose
Opacity O quantifies the degree of optical coverage obstructing the passage of light from a surface on which a sheet of paper, the weaker the show-through effect of the background.
Principle
The reflectance factors of a paper specimen placed on a black support Ro and on a stack of a model paper of “infinite” thickness Roo are measured.

O = (Ro/Roo) x 100 %

How to use
Prepare four paper sample and put it on to the tester
Push print opacity
Push number for how many for point test
Push ENTER then ENTER
Push MEASURE point, do the same things with different space point
Released sample and put on black up
Put in sample per sheet and press point MEASURE, do the same things
Push ENTER, for averages test result

Porosity tester

Purpose
Because paper is composed of a randomly felted layer of fiber, it follows that the structure has a varying degree of porosity. Thus, the ability of fluids, both liquid and gaseous, to penetrate the structure of paper becomes a property that is both highly significant to the use of paper. Paper is a highly porous material and contains as much as 70% air.

Principle
Porosity is a highly critical factor in Printing Papers Laminating Paper, Filter Paper, Cigarette Paper. Bag Paper, Anti-tarnish Paper and Label Paper. Porosity is the measurement of the total connecting air voids, both vertical and horizontal, that exists in a sheet. Porosity of sheet is an indication of absorptive or the ability of the sheets to accept ink or water.

How to use
Prepare paper sample
Take inside part of the cylinder and put on the buffer
Turn handle to stretch up sample clippers
Put in paper sample, and turn handle on to clip up both head surface sample on to tide
Prepare stop watch on and turn off after measured 100 cc

POROSITY TESTER
Construction

IGT tester

Purpose
IGT is a measurement of the surface strength of the paper.
Principle
A tacky ink is applied to sample of the paper at an increasing speed. As the speed increases the peeling force applied to the paper also increases and the speed at which the fibers begin to be pulled from the sheet is recorded as the IGT. A high IGT (>300) indicates a strong surface strength suitable for demanding offset applications.


How to use
CLEANING
Aluminum printing disc, rubber disc, top-rollers
Clean up aluminum disc with sprites
Choose to main menu » cleaning » cleaning with TR(cleaning) » press ENTER » press enter to stop
Move to top-roll, clean up ink pipette
Set inking times
Will show menu to choose, take a disc to use. Set the inking time
Back to previous menu
Tester ready to use
TESTER
Print through & linting
choose print through(linting) » ENTER
Set the velocity. Choose make print
Put the sample at the place, Put printing disc with already inking at disc place
Press switch left-right both until printing process begin
Move out the sample that already print
Move out printing disc and clean up
Take a new sample, and repeat the test
After the last test , leave menu and push ENTER
After all the test done clean up all stuff with white sprites


Picking offset
This test using rubber printing disc without packing
Choose Picking offset » ENTER
Set the velocity. Choose make print
Put the sample at the place, Put printing disc with already inking at disc place
Press switch left-right both until printing process begin
Move out the sample that already print
Move out printing disc and clean up
Take a new sample, and repeat the test
After the last test , leave menu and push ENTER
After all the test done clean up all stuff with white sprites
Count pick length start from beginning until from the first time Fiber was pulled out

IGT TESTER
Construction

Main switch
Rear cylinder
Top roller
Display
Printing disc holder
Printing disc
Top roller holder
Front holder
Printing disc holder spindle
O – ring (only A type)
Arrow key
Function key
ENTER key
Adjustable key
Hoses of connection
Display monitor
Function key

Potensial charge detector

POTENSIAL CHARGE DETECTOR
How to use
OPERATION
CLEANING
After finished measurement, empty a measuring cell
Used a cleaning tooth to clean up measuring cell and piston, then wash with deionize water
Clean up and make sure no water left at measuring vessel, use napkin for outside side vessel.
If measuring cell not in use, fill in with deionized water
Note : be aware with stick at measuring cell and piston, fill cell with soft detergent for one night
MEASUREMENT
Fill 10 ml sample in to measuring cell
Put piston in measuring cell
Put measuring cell in to measuring equipment
Push piston, and measuring cell right to position place, if piston hang on to bayonet easily
Turn on motor
LEDs will show sign of potential
Wait 30 second until potential show stable
Move burette tip inside in to tip holder
Start to titration, note result of titration volume polyelectrolyte(cationic and anionic)

POTENSIAL CHARGE DETECTOR
Construction

Sample measuring cell
Piston
measuring cell pipe
Display monitor Potential (mV)
Measuring cell holder
Motor switch
Cationic – anionic lamp
Injection titration place
Display monitor PCD titration
Titration solution
START Switch (begin to titration )
Stop and stability switch
Bayonet

smoothness tester

SMOOTHNESS TESTER

Purpose
A determination of smoothness is intended to assess the quality of print on paper. However, the correlation between smoothness values and print defects is usually unsatisfactory. This is why a multitude of test methods have been developed over the years.

Principle
Smoothness, Porosity Bekk Smoothness Tester Uses Bekk method to determine smoothness of paper and board. Optimized for ultra smooth samples. Automatic operation. Alternative test procedure selection speeds testing. Optional air permeance head. Smoothness (Bekk Method) test is an indirect measure of paper smoothness when it is under moderate pressure( 100 kPa).

SMOOTHNESS TESTER
Construction

Bed
Sample place
Display monitor
Function switch (Start, stop, delete, enter)
Measurement switch
Measuring head
Head holder

Bursting strenght tester

Purpose
This test determines the tensile strength and the elasticity of a paper specimen fixed in a annular clamping device, which is uniformly expanded up to the point of rupture.

Principle
With an expanding rubber diaphragm, a paper specimen fixed in an annular clamping device is uniformly loaded from one side up to the point of rupture. The pressure is measured as bursting strength BS where as mA is the basis weight. The specific bursting
Strength be is expressed as :

Be = 100 * [BS / mA]

How to use
Prepare paper sample ( one space for couple point)
Open the clipper (specimen clamping) with turned screw
Put in sample paper between base specimen and clamping specimen
Tide it up with turned round clamping specimen screw
Turn on the motor and switch up the clutch Run (clutch lever) for running test.
After sample broke up, remove back the clutch lever quickly to early position
Read the result test on the showing needle ( loading pointer) and wrote
Do the test again for another different space point
Count the average result and wrote

BURSTING STRENGHT TESTER
Construction

Load – pointer
Specimen clamping handle
Clamping gauge
Frame
Specimen clamping ring
Specimen base
Motor switch
Stop nut
Pressure gauge
Maximum pointer(idle pointer)
Exhaust cock
Motor
Pressure gauge changing handle
Clutch lever
Oil gauge
Gear box
Rubber diaphragm clamping screw
Pressure feed pipe
Pressure chamber
bed

Specifications

Low pressure type

Pressure range : below 14 kg/cm² /or
below 0.64 mm (thickness)
not applied : liner-board, corrugated
Diameter of specimen : 30.48± 0.03 mm
Upper clamping ring
Lower clamping ring : diameter : 31.5 ± 0.5 mm
thickness : 3.18 mm

Rubber diaphragm : 0.84 – 0.89 mm (flat disc)
9.5 mm swelling pressure above clamping
surface 0.35 – 0.45 kg/cm²

Pressure feed speed : 95 ± 10 ml
Pressure gauge accuracy : 0 – 1 0.01
(Desirable to use) 1 – 3 0.02
25 – 75 % of maximum 3 – 7 0.05
scale 7 – 15 0.1

Specimen clamping : clamp tightly
pressure

High pressure type

Pressure range : below 14 kg/cm² /or
below 0.64 mm (thickness)
not applied : liner-board, corrugated
Diameter of specimen : 31.50± 0.05 mm
Upper clamping ring
Lower clamping ring : diameter : 31.5 ± 0.5 mm
thickness : 5.60± 0.05 mm

Rubber diaphragm : 0.84 – 0.89 mm (flat disc)
9.5 mm swelling pressure above clamping
surface 1.60 – 2.1 kg/cm²

Pressure feed speed : 170 ± 20 ml
Pressure gauge accuracy : 0 – 10 0.1
(Desirable to use) 0 – 25 0.2
25 – 75 % of maximum 0 – 50 0.5
scale 0 – 100 1

Specimen clamping pressure : Desirable to arrange the device capable of constant clamping pressure(above 7 kg/cm² except corrugated board)

Roughness tester

Principle
Roughness (Sheffield Method): This test is an indirect measure of paper smoothness or roughness. It is a measurement of air flow between the specimen (backed by flat glass on the bottom side) and two pressurized, concentric annular lands that are impressed in to the sample from top.
How to use
Turn on the power switch of the tester
Check and enter the measuring date on the display (of the operation panel)
Warm up the control devices of the tester for 15 minutes(in normal atmosphere) or 45 minutes(in cold atmosphere)
See table 1 to select a suitable backing. using air or methyl alcohol, clean the backing surface(the lower measuring head for air permeability), make sure that the surface is free from dirt, dust, damage, the place the backing in the ID (inner diameter)of lifting cylinder(off white).
Remove the protection cover of the roughness or permeability measuring head, clean with air or methyl alcohol the portion which comes in contact with the specimen. Be sure that the portion is free from dirt, dust, damage, then insert the head into the notch in the head holder, with the head upper flange being horizontal.
Be sure that the compressed air pressure at the sources is 4.5 kg/sq cm or more, and open the sluice valve
Press the manual start key to check the clamp for smooth climbing under the clamping initial pressure.
After calibrating check the data of the measuring head pressure and clamping pressure, check the data on the display to judge whether it is necessary to change the entered data such as

measuring conditions
Insert the specimen under the measuring head with the surface to be tested facing upwards, so that the surface may receive the light of photoelectric switch(Infrared LED)
one second after, the specimen is automatically clamped and the measurement begin
After the time setting, the result of the measurement is display and the clamping is released.
For continuous measurement , move the measuring spot of the specimen immediately.
If the specimen detected continuously by the photoelectric switch, the specimen is clamped again automatically 3 second after the end of the previous measurement, to start the second measurement.
For measurement of compressibility, the roughness is measured with the lower clamping pressure, then with the high pressure
If there is any abnormal state during the measurement, delete by pressing the del key and specifying the measurement No. for the message “quit test”
If the measurement is continued for a long span time, dust or paper powder would stick to the measurement head or backing surface. clean it. Wait 2 to 3 second before restarting the measurement
Check the measurement on the display, if OK, press ‘YES” key to perform statistic processing by computer(average, maximum, minimum, standard deviation, variation coefficient) to show the result on the display
If the specimen detected continuously by the photoelectric switch, the specimen is clamped again automatically 3 second after the end of the previous measurement, to start the second measurement.

ROUGHNESS TESTER
Construction

Operation panel
Main power switch
Display
Printer
Printer power switch
Level adjusting pad
Head holder
Measuring head
Backing
Backing holder
Photoelectric switch

Thickness (caliper) tester

Purpose
Thickness is a key characteristic of paper material with paper of identical grammage, a higher thickness goes hand in hand with enhanced stiffness and elasticity and the superior printability and opacity level. Additionally, increased thickness or caliper reduces printing ink strike-through and show-through


Principle
Thickness or Caliper of paper is measured with a micrometer as the perpendicular distance between two circular, plane, parallel surfaces under a pressure of 1 kg./ cm2.Since paper is an elastic material, thickness measurement are performed with a mechanical caliper under a defined load per unit area. The measured thickness value is indicated in (µm)

How to use
Prepare paper sample as necessary
Lift up the clipper with turn round the screw (up-down handle)
Fill in paper sample and Released screw (up-down handle)
Read the tester result on showing needle and wrote
Do it couple time with different space point
Count the average result

THICKNESS tester (electronic caliper measurement)
Construction

Bed
Sample place
Power switch(push on, push off, red light indicated)
On switch
Span switch(Ten-turn pot with locking turn counting dial)
Function switch (ON, RUN, READ)
Zero control switch(Ten-turn pot with locking turn counting dial)
Display monitor
Clear switch(White push button adjacent to average button)
Average switch(Red push button on right side of front panel)

Stiffness tester

STIFFNESS TESTER

Purpose
To determine the resistance of a paper material to a bending stress-measured as bending moment
This instrument is used to determine the flexural resistance of paper or paperboard, the stiffness of fibrous material, the limpness of flabbiness of paper and the softness of tissue.
For the purpose of this method the term used are defined as follow :
Rigidity(its property of resisting an applied bending force, its flexural resistance).
Rigidity factor(a measure of this rigidity of this structure of this sheet proportional to modulus of elasticity). Stiffness(the ability to support its own weight).Softness(the feeling of softness when a sheet is cramped).

Principle
Two different principles are commonly applied in the industry to measure the bending stiffness
Beam method. For a rigidly clamped paper strip, the deflection caused by a defined perpendicular load on the paper surface is determined.
Resonance stiffness test method
The resonance stiffness tester vibrates one end of a clamped paper strip at a constant frequency.
The test span is varied until the vibration amplitude reaches a maximum. The test span at the point

How to use
Prepare paper sample with measuring size 70mm x 50mm or more
Open up the cover tester to make it easier when sample put in.
Put in the sample between roll with vertical side and then close the cover back.
If the sample down to right, move the switch to right, then run motor until the sample down back to the left and then stop.(watch the needle, to see value degree )
If value degree of the sample measured are same right and left more than 90º, Short cut the sample. On the other hand if less length up the sample.
Repeated test again until get an amount degree right side and left side sample are = 90º
Measures cm length of sample with scale

Report count

The rigidity, rigidity factor, stiffness, or softness in such direction are calculated as follow :
Rigidity = L³ W/10.000
Rigidity factor = L³ W /100 T³
Stiffness = L³ /100
Stiffness = (106 l log (t +1))/ L³W

Where :
L = Average critical length (cm)
W = Basis weight (g/m²)
T = Thickness (mil)
t = basis thickness of a single sheet
of creped paper (mil)

Horizontal tensile tester

HORIZONTAL TENSILE TESTER

How to use
Prepared sample with the wide measurement 15 mm and long not less than 20 cm
arranged pressure gauge approximately 5 kgf/m²
pressed power and power printer
pressed the switch yes went out display specimen no..?
Put the figure for the number sample
pressed yes went out display machine no..?
Put the machine numbers
pressed yes went out display the basis weight?
Press the appropriate figure grammature that would be tested
pressed yes went out display direction?
Chose for the testing (MD1, CD2, ND3) and put the number
pressed yes went out display..... (80,100,150,180)
chose and put the figure to long test
pressed yes went out display velocity? ... (20~100)
pressed the figure in accordance with the speed that was wanted
pressed yes went out display confirmation?
Pressed yes when appropriate and
pressed no when not and repeated put the data that needed
put sample sheet by sheet, the implement will go and stopping in an automatically manner
pressed yes for results printer,
Repeated for another sample
finished the testing, pressed no for the calculation of results test
the calculation: kgf = tensile KN/0.65378

Construction

Air chuck, load cell side
Air chuck, tension side
Pressure gauge
Reducing valve
Printer
Load cell amplifier
Display
Ten-key pad
Control box
Output for recorder